1.    Tenacity

2.    Breaking extension

3.    Work of rupture

4.    Initial modulus

5.    Work factor

6.    Work recovery

7.    Elastic recovery

8.    Yield stress

9.    Yield strain

10.   Yield point

11.    Breaking load

12.    Creep

1.    Tenacity: The ratio of load required to break the specimen and the linear density of that specimen is called tenacity.

Mathematically, Tenacity = Load required to break the specimen / Linear density of the specimen

Unit: gm/denier, gm/Tex, N/Tex, CN/Tex etc.

2.    Breaking extension: The elongation necessary to break a textile material is a useful quantity. It may be expressed by the actual percentage increase in length and is termed as breaking extension.

Mathematically, Breaking extension (%) = (Elongation at break / Initial length) × 100%

3.    Work of rupture: Work of rupture is defined as the energy required to break a material or total work done to break that material.

Unit: Joule (J)

4.    Initial modulus: The tangent of angle between the initial curve and the horizontal axis is equal to the ratio of stress and strain.

Stress vs Strain Curve

In engineering science the ratio is termed as Young’s Modulus and in textile we use the terms as Initial Young’s Modulus.

Initial modulus, tan α = stress / strain

Tan α ↑↓      →    extension ↓↑

5.     Work factor: The ratio between work of rupture and the product of breaking load and breaking elongation is called work factor.

Work factor = work of rupture / (breaking load × breaking elongation)

6.    Work recovery: The ratio between work returned during recovery and total work done in total extension is called work recovery.

Total extension = Elastic extension + Plastic extension

Total work = work required to elastic extension + work required to plastic extension.

7.    Elastic recovery: the power of recovery from a given extension is called elastic recovery. Elastic recovery depends on types of extension, fiber structure, types of molecular bonding and crystallinity of fiber.

Here, AB = initial length of the specimen

AB = final length after recovery

BD = total extension

CD = elastic extension

BC = plastic extension

Total extension = Elastic extension + Plastic extension

So,

Elastic recovery (%) = (Elastic extension/total extension) ×100%

= (CD/BD) × 100%

So,

Plastic recovery = (plastic extension/total extension) ×100%

= (BC/BD) ×100%

When fiber is deformed then the fiber follows the stress-strain curve.

Here, A to B → linear region. This region follows Hook’s law (stress ∞ strain). So, fiber comes to its original position after removal of load. So, the region is called elastic region and the deformation is called elastic deformation.

B to C → plastic region. In this region chain breaks but fiber do not break. Here the deformation is known as plastic deformation.

C → Breaking point. The fiber will be break at this point.

B → Yield point. The point up to which a fiber behaves elastic deformation and after which a fiber shows plastic deformation is called yield point.

8.    Yield stress→ The stress at yield point is called yield stress.

9.    Yield strains: The strain at yield point is called yield strain.

10.    Breaking load: The load which is required to break a specimen is called breaking load.

11.    Creep: when a load is applied on the textile material an instantaneous strain is occurred, but after that the strain will be lower with the passing time. This behavior of the material is termed as creep.

There are two types of creep:

i.      Temporary creep

ii.      Permanent creep

Difference between temporary and permanent creep:

i. Recoverable	i. Non recoverable.
ii. Textile material comes back to its original position after removal of load.	ii. Textile material does not come back to its original position after removal of load.
iii. Elastic extension occurs.	Plastic extension occurs.
iv. Polymer chains slightly stretch.	iv. Polymer chains break.

 

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